Maintenance programs should be developed for trees and shrubs in both residential and commercial landscapes. A good maintenance program includes monitoring and controlling insect and disease problems, suppressing weed competition, and making timely applications of water, mulch, and fertilizer.

Tree and shrub fertilization is especially important in urban and suburban areas of Virginia where soils have been altered due to construction. These urban soils tend to be heavily compacted, poorly aerated, poorly drained, and low in organic matter. Even where soils have not been affected, fertilization may be needed as part of a maintenance program to increase plant vigor or to improve root or top growth.

The term "mulch" refers to materials spread or left on the soil surface as protective layers, whether organic or inorganic, loose particles or sheets. Mulches are used primarily to

1. Suppress competing vegetation (weeds, grass).
2. Warm the soil to promote earlier spring growth.
3. Delay soil freezing and prevent frost heaving in winter.
4. Protect plants from damage by equipment.
5. Reduce soil erosion and loss.
6. Hold moisture.
7. Reduce evaporation and runoff.
8. Reduce rot and other soil-borne diseases.
9. Enhance garden and landscape appearance.
10. Make garden and landscape maintenance easier.