Crops http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/category/crops.html en Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Fungicides in 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2911/2911-1420/2911-1420.html Thu, 19 Nov 2009 08:51:09 -0500 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2911/2911-1420/2911-1420.html Cost and benefit of seed treatments and Temik 15G in furrow for seedling disease and nematode control in Virginia, 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2911/2911-1419/2911-1419.html Thu, 19 Nov 2009 08:32:56 -0500 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2911/2911-1419/2911-1419.html 2009 Virginia Cotton Production Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-300-09/424-300-09.html Wed, 07 Oct 2009 10:04:10 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-300-09/424-300-09.html Nitrogen Management for White Potato Production http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/438/438-012/438-012.html One of the challenges of white potato production, as with any crop, is the efficient management of nitrogen
(N) fertilizer. Excessive N fertilizer applied at or before tuberization can extend the vegetative growth period and delay tuber development, resulting in a lower tuber yield. However, too much N applied later in the season can delay maturity of the tubers, reducing
yield and adversely affecting tuber quality and skin set. Conversely, under-application of N at any point in the season can result in lower tuber yields and reduced profits. Environmental considerations must also be taken into account in N fertilizer management. Nitrogen
is a mobile nutrient in the soil and any excess N has the potential to move off-site via leaching or surface runoff. This is particularly true on the coarse-textured, low-organic matter soils common to the Eastern Shore, the premier potato-producing region in Virginia. These factors make the appropriate N rate and N application timing critical for successful white potato production.

]]> Mon, 28 Sep 2009 08:52:03 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/438/438-012/438-012.html Pyridine Herbicide Carryover: Causes and Precautions http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2909/2909-1413/2909-1413.html Wed, 23 Sep 2009 16:44:43 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2909/2909-1413/2909-1413.html Managing Stink Bugs in Cotton: Research in the Southeast Region http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-390/444-390.html Stink bug pests across the south eastern cotton belt consist of three main species: the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say); the green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say); and the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.)  Due to the diverse environmental conditions across this production region, population levels of these species vary widely across seasons, states, and fields. In North Carolina and Virginia, green and brown stink bugs are the primary species, while southern green and brown stink bugs predominate in Georgia,and all three species are commonly observed in South Carolina.

]]> Wed, 23 Sep 2009 10:29:03 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-390/444-390.html Impact of Changing From Nitrogen- to Phosphorus-Based Manure Nutrient Management Plans http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-310/442-310.html Animal manures are a good source of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for agricultural crops, but they have an imbalance in their N to P ratio, so that if they are applied to meet crop N needs, then P is overapplied. For many years, manures have been applied to meet crop N needs, which has resulted in some soils containing more P than crops require, leading to environmental concerns. Regulations have been developed to limit P losses from manures and soils high in P by moving manure nutrient management from an N basis to a P basis.

]]> Wed, 16 Sep 2009 12:46:46 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-310/442-310.html Tools to More Efficiently Manage In-Season Corn Nitrogen Needs http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2909/2909-1410/2909-1410.html Wed, 02 Sep 2009 11:29:03 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2909/2909-1410/2909-1410.html Virginia Tech On-Farm Small Grain Test Plot--Eastern Virginia, August 2009 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2908/2908-1409/2908-1409.html The demonstration and research plot results discussed in this publication are a cooperative effort by seven Virginia Cooperative Extension agents, several extension specialists from Virginia Tech, area
producers, and agribusinesses. We are proud to present this year’s on-farm wheat plot work to you. The 2008-09 wheat season was a tough one for producers. Below normal temperatures in the fall and winter
reduced tillering, and wet conditions in the spring delayed harvest and resulted in low quality and yields in many areas. With wheat prices down considerably and input costs relatively high, wheat producers
will need to really focus on maximum economic yields during 2009-10 to produce profitable wheat.

]]> Fri, 28 Aug 2009 08:48:46 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2908/2908-1409/2908-1409.html The Organic Way - Plant Families http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1393/2906-1393.html Knowing which family a plant belongs to can be useful in making decisions about crop rotations for managing pests and soil fertility. Plants that are in a family are genetically related, so they share similar characteristics.

]]> Mon, 17 Aug 2009 16:32:10 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1393/2906-1393.html Production of Dahlias as Cut Flowers http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1384/2906-1384.html Beginning cut flower growers, dazzled by brilliant photographs, often order dahlia tubers from bulb company catalogs for Spring planting. The hopeful grower normally pays five or six dollars per plant and either receives one single tuber or a small clump of tubers that resemble little brown yams. The grower carefully plants the tubers six inches deep in early May in full sun and hopes for the best.

]]> Tue, 11 Aug 2009 15:33:11 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1384/2906-1384.html Characteristics of Good Quality Transplants http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1383/2906-1383.html If you're planning to use transplants this spring make sure the 2005 season gets off to a productive start by planting good quality transplants. While terms like "good quality" leave room for some subjective interpretation, there are characteristics that can be defined to aid in determining if the transplants are of good quality.

]]> Tue, 11 Aug 2009 15:06:42 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1383/2906-1383.html Determining the Cause of Plant Problems http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1382/2906-1382.html Tue, 11 Aug 2009 09:28:30 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1382/2906-1382.html Sell Cut Flowers from Perennial Summer-flowering Bulbs http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1370/2906-1370.html Commercial producers of field-grown flower cut flowers generally have a wide selection of crops to sell in April, May and June. Many species of annual and especially perennial cut flowers bloom during these three months. A group of plants that may offer new opportunities for sales of cut flowers during mid-summer are summer-flowering bulbs.

]]> Wed, 05 Aug 2009 12:24:29 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1370/2906-1370.html Reduction in Sediment Movement in Plasticulture http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1369/2906-1369.html Tomato plasticulture is currently one of the most profitable agricultural enterprises on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The advantages of plastic mulch include soil warming, weed suppression, water and fertilizer conservation and early yield enhancement. However, runoff and sediment movement may adversely impact the rapidly expanding clam aquaculture enterprises that are extremely sensitive to changes in water quality, including sediment movement.

]]> Tue, 04 Aug 2009 15:34:03 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1369/2906-1369.html Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-035/424-035.html Tue, 04 Aug 2009 14:46:45 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-035/424-035.html GAPs: Common Sense for Fresh Produce Growers http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1359/2906-1359.html Over the past several years, when and where we can, cooperative extension has introduced the GAPs (Good Agricultural Practices) program to fresh produce growers across the state. In particular the message has been directed to our wholesale growers who sell to brokers and commercial chain stores.

]]> Fri, 31 Jul 2009 11:13:53 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1359/2906-1359.html Successful No-Tillage Corn Production http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-030/424-030.html Wed, 29 Jul 2009 12:10:08 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-030/424-030.html 8 Tips for Transitioning to Organic Production http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1350/2906-1350.html The transition phase can be difficult for growers transitioning to organic production. During the transition phase the farming system is undergoing many changes in physical, chemical and biological properties.

]]> Wed, 29 Jul 2009 08:55:02 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1350/2906-1350.html Natural Plant Hormones Are Biostimulants Helping Plants Develop Higher Plant Antioxidant Activity For Multiple Benefits http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1339/2906-1339.html For the November, 2003 SE Strawberry Expo at Durham, NC, I was asked to make a presentation on the topic "Introduction to Foliar Feeding." Several folks helped me find background reference information on this subject, which was used to assemble this presentation and is included herein. I hope this information will help you produce better berry, fruit and vegetable crops!

]]> Mon, 27 Jul 2009 12:47:58 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1339/2906-1339.html Farming in the Mid-Atlantic http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1336/2906-1336.html Mon, 27 Jul 2009 10:13:01 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1336/2906-1336.html Lisianthus (Eustoma Grandiflorum), A New Species for the Cut Flower Market http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1312/2906-1312.html A wildflower known in certain western states as Prairie Gentian has fallen into the hands of plant breeders to become a really hot new cut flower species - lisianthus. This flower is beautiful. The blooms are graceful and refined. They resemble rose buds on long sturdy stems. I

]]> Wed, 22 Jul 2009 10:35:55 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1312/2906-1312.html Adding Cut Flowers May Increase Profits http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1331/2906-1331.html Vegetable growers who sell produce at farmers' markets, at roadside stands, to restaurants and to local supermarkets may find that they can bring in additional income by adding fresh cut flowers to the inventory of products they sell.

]]> Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:40:29 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2906/2906-1331/2906-1331.html Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2905/2905-1294/2905-1294.html Cool temperatures and rainfall delayed planting of cotton and peanut until after 20 April in Virginia. Thereafter, rainfall was widely scattered and soil temperatures averaged above 60 ºF which allowed planting to proceed in a timely manner. Most crops showed good emergence after planting throughout Eastern Virginia, except for some stand losses in early plantings of corn.

]]> Wed, 13 May 2009 00:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2905/2905-1294/2905-1294.html Making Replant Decisions for Slug Damaged Corn and Soybean Stands http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2905/2905-1293/2905-1293.html Slugs cause significant economic injury to corn and soybean crops in Virginia every year. Symptoms of slug feeding will vary depending on the size or the growth stage of the crop, and the size of the slug. In corn, slug damage is typically limited to defoliation of emerging leaves.

]]> Wed, 13 May 2009 00:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2905/2905-1293/2905-1293.html Curing Quality Peanuts in Virginia http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-062/442-062.html This bulletin is written from the viewpoint that peanut production is a business and the grower is the manager of that business. It is the role of public service agencies to provide accurate information concerning the consequences of management decisions, not to tell growers how to run their business.

In Virginia, peanuts are typically combined at moisture contents ranging from 20 to 30 percent wet basis, i.e. 20 to 30 percent of the harvested weight is moisture. Near Suffolk, Virginia, peanuts seldom dry below 20 percent in the windrow. At other locations, when weather is favorable, peanuts may dry down to 10 percent in the windrow. In damp rainy weather, peanuts may be combined at moisture contents above 30 percent; consequently, peanut dryers must be designed to handle this "worst case" condition. No matter what the moisture is at combining, peanuts must he cured to 10 percent average moisture content before they can be sold. Peanut quality is influenced, sometimes quite significantly, by curing, both "natural" curing in the windrow and "artificial" curing in a drying trailer.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-062/442-062.html Agronomy Handbook, 2000 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-100/424-100.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-100/424-100.html Manure Spreader Calibration for Rear-discharge Equipment -- Handling Solid and Semi-solid Manures and Poultry Litter http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-004/442-004.html To maximize crop productivity and minimize adverse environmental effects, it is critical that land applications of manures meet, but not exceed, crop nutrient requirements. To assure that the actual manure application rate matches the desired application rate, manure-spreading equipment must be calibrated. The goal of manure spreader calibration is to determine the amount of manure, on a weight per unit area basis, that is being applied to a field. This publication describes three methods for manure spreader calibration for spreaders handling solid and semi-solid manures.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-004/442-004.html Land Application of Broiler and Turkey Litter for Farming Operations Without a DEQ Permit http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-052/442-052.html Poultry litter (poultry manure and a bedding material such as sawdust, pine bark, or peanut hulls) is a good source of nutrients and organic matter for growing crops. Land application of poultry litter on farms has been the mainstay of effective and safe usage for years. Unfortunately, improper management of litter applications may cause nutrient enrichment and/or contamination of surface and ground water resources. The key to proper management is an understanding of the nutrients available in the litter, the nutrient requirements of the crops to be produced, and the potential for the litter and/or nutrients to reach surface or ground waters.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-052/442-052.html Equipment Considerations for No-till Soybean Seeding http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-456/442-456.html No-till planters and drills must be able to cut and handle residue, penetrate the soil to the proper seeding depth, and establish good seed-to-soil contact. Many different soil conditions can be present at the time of planting in the Mid-Atlantic region. Moist soils covered with residue, which may also be wet, can dominate during late fall and early spring and occasionally in the summer. Although this provides for an ideal seed germination environment, such conditions can make it difficult to cut through residue. In contrast, hard and dry conditions may also prevail. This is especially common when no-tilling soybean into wheat stubble during the hot, dry months of June and July. Although cutting residue is easier during dry conditions, it is more difficult to penetrate the hard, dry soils. Proper timing, equipment selection and adjustments, and management can overcome these difficult issues.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-456/442-456.html Planter/Drill Considerations for Conservation Tillage Systems http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-457/442-457.html No-till planters and drills must be able to cut and handle residue, penetrate the soil to the proper seeding depth, and establish good seed-to-soil contact. Many different soil conditions can be present in the Mid-Atlantic region at planting time. Moist soils covered with residue, which may also be wet, can dominate during the late fall and early spring and occasionally, in the summer. Although this condition provides an ideal environment for seed germination, it can make it difficult to cut through the residue. In contrast, hard and dry conditions may also prevail. Although cutting residue is easier during dry conditions, it is more difficult to penetrate the hard, dry soils. Proper timing, equipment selection and adjustments, and crop management can overcome these difficult issues.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-457/442-457.html Soil Test Note #2 - Field Crops http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/452/452-702/452-702.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/452/452-702/452-702.html Cotton Harvest Aid Selection and Application Timing http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-201/424-201.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-201/424-201.html Virginia Cotton Report, 2006: Effect of Planting Date and Plant Populations on Growth and Yield of Cotton http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-232/424-232.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-232/424-232.html Virginia Cotton Report, 2006: Evaluation of Chemicals and Variety Selection for Control of Nematodes in Cotton http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-234/424-234.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-234/424-234.html Virginia Cotton Production Guide, 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-300-08/424-300-08.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-300-08/424-300-08.html Defoliating Cotton under Adverse Conditions: Drought-stress, Cool Temperatures, and Rank Growth http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/427/427-208/427-208.html Modern chemical harvest aids are applied to induce leaf abscission, hasten mature-boll dehiscence, and inhibit regrowth (Gwathmey and Hayes 1997; Snipes and Cathey 1992). Their use can result in increased machine harvest efficiency and fewer lodged plants while reducing boll rot, the trash in seed cotton, and the time from defoliation to harvest (Benedict 1984). The challenge of using harvest aids is the inconsistent way cotton responds to them, making defoliation one of the most unpredictable management practices (Benedict 1984; Gwathmey and Hayes 1997).

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/427/427-208/427-208.html 2008 Virginia Peanut Production Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/432/432-101-08/432-101-08.html

Book sections by pdf:

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/432/432-101-08/432-101-08.html 2007 Virginia Peanut Production Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/432/432-101/432-101.html

 

Book sections by pdf:

 

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/432/432-101/432-101.html Using the Virginia Cooperative Extension Climate Analysis Web Tool to Better Manage and Predict Wheat Development http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-004/424-004.html Wheat development is affected by nutrients, water, light, and other factors; but temperature consistently determines how quickly or slowly plants move ahead in forming leaves, roots, tillers, and grain heads. The plant's development stage at any point during the season is affected very predictably by how warm or cool the season has been up to that point. This knowledge, combined with educated guesses about how the rest of the growing season will progress, can be extremely valuable information to the grower, who can then make more informed management decisions to include predicting the maturity/harvest schedule.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-004/424-004.html 2005 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/432/432-301/432-301.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/432/432-301/432-301.html Comparison of Yield, Maturity, Value and Susceptibility to TSWV in Virginia- and Runner-type Varieties of Peanut in 2004 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-567/450-567.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-567/450-567.html Japanese Beetle in Field Corn http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-106/444-106.html Scientific Name: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Popillia japonica Newman

Size: Adult is 1/3 to 1/2 inch long; the fully developed grub or larva is 1/2 to 1 inch long.

Color: The adult is shiny metallic green with copperbrown wing covers and is characterized by the presence of five tufts of white hairs which protrude from under the wing covers along each side of the abdomen, with two additional tufts of white hairs on the tip of the abdomen (Fig. 1); the grub has a distinct head capsule that is dark brown to orange in color with the rest of the body an off-white or grayish color due to the presence of soil or fecal matter in the hindgut (Fig. 2).

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-106/444-106.html Root-knot Nematode in Field Corn http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-107/444-107.html

Order: Tylenchida

Family: Heteroderidae

Species: Meloidogyne incognita (southern root-knot nematode), M. arenaria (peanut root-knot nematode), M. javanica (Javanese root-knot nematode), M. hapla (northern root-knot nematode; not found in corn)

Size: Adult females are up to 1/16 inch in diameter.

Color: Adult females are a translucent cream color.

Description: Adult females are pear shaped and sedentary.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-107/444-107.html Asiatic Garden Beetle in Field Corn http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-108/444-108.html

Order: Coleoptera

Family: Scarabaeidae

Species: Maladera castanea (Arrow)

Size: The adult beetle is 5/16 to 7/16 of an inch long (slightly smaller than a Japanese beetle adult). A fully developed grub (third instar) measures about 3/4 inch long

Color: The adult is chestnut brown or reddish brown in color and faintly iridescent (Fig. 1). The grub (immature stage) is off white except for a distinct head capsule and three pairs of true legs that vary from in color from orange to dark brown.

Description: The beetle abdomen is covered by a pair of hardened forewings, or elytra, which are not used in flight. Instead, their main purpose is to protect the hind wings, which are folded up under the elytra when the insect is not in flight. The grub has a distinct head capsule and three pairs of true legs and will fold into a 'C' shape when disturbed (Fig. 2). It is very easy to differentiate an Asiatic garden beetle grub from other annual white grub species with the aid of a 10x power hand lens. The grub has a single transverse row of spines on the underside of the last abdominal segment, or raster, and a 'Y' shaped anal slit (Fig. 3).

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-108/444-108.html Slugs in Field Corn http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-109/444-109.html

Scientific Names: Deroceras reticulatum (gray garden slug) (Fig. 1), Deroceras laeve (marsh slug) (Fig. 2), Arion subfuscus (dusky slug) (Fig. 3)

Size: Mature slugs vary in size from 1/2 inch to several inches in length; however, the typical size range of slugs found in cornfields is about 1/2 to 1 1/4 inches.

Color: Mature slugs are gray to brownish-gray, depending on the species. Immature slugs resemble adults in color (Fig. 4).

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-109/444-109.html Integrated Pest Management Peanut Scouting Manual http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-126/444-126.html

Integrated Pest Management

In the competitive global peanut market, you need to lower production costs. At the same time, you also need to keep pesticide residues in peanuts to a minimum; protect rivers, streams, and lakes from runoff; and prevent chemicals from leaching through the soil to groundwater. Using IPM to protect crops only from pests that are likely to cause economic losses is a good way to meet these goals.

The Three Keys to IPM

  1. Scout the crop regularly and systematically to identify pests.
  2. Use control measures only when monitoring shows that a pest is likely to reach economically damaging levels.
  3. Apply the lowest effective amount of pesticide using equipment that is correctly calibrated.
]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-126/444-126.html Identifying Soybean Fields at Risk to Leaf-Feeding Insects http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-203/444-203.html
What is LAI? Leaf area index (LAI) is the ratio of leaf area to land area. Soybean requires LAI values of at least 3.5 to 4.0 by early to mid-reproductive developmental stages to achieve maximum yield for that year and environment. A soybean crop that does not achieve adequate LAI could be at risk to yield loss from insect leaf-feeders, whereas, fields with high (4+) LAI can sustain significant insect feeding with little to no effect on yield. This publication will aid producers in evaluating soybean fields at risk to yield reduction from leaf-feeding insects.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-203/444-203.html Cabbage and Seedcorn Maggot http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-231/444-231.html Cabbage maggots canbe very destructive pests of early-season plantings of cole crops: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts. Additional hosts include beet, radish, turnip, and celery.

Seedcorn maggots are known to attack asparagus, cabbage, turnip, radish, onion, beet, spinach, potato, and sprouting corn seeds. Seedcorn maggots can also be very damaging to beans and peas and new plantings of alfalfa.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-231/444-231.html European Corn Borer http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-232/444-232.html

Description of Damage

European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest of corn grown for grain in Virginia. This pest is found throughout the commonwealth, but its population density fluctuates from year to year in a given locality. Typical damage to corn plants caused by this insect are reduced plant vigor leading to subsequent ear drop and stalk lodging.


Identification

When fully grown, ECB larvae are 3/4 to 1 inch in length and creamy-white to pink in color. The larval head capsule is dark brown and, on top of each abdominal ring or segment, there are several small dark brown or black spots. (Figure 1) ]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-232/444-232.html The Peanut Southern Corn Rootworm Advisory http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-351/444-351.html The southern corn rootworm (SCR) has long been considered a major pest of peanuts in North Carolina and Virginia. However, researchers and Extension faculty at Virginia Tech and NC State have determined through more than 400 commercial field trials that the majority of peanut fields do not need to be treated. They have developed and tested a simple-to-use advisory that identifies those fields not at risk for pod damage or economic loss. The Southern Corn Rootworm Advisory can save you time and money as well as help you use insecticides more efficiently.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-351/444-351.html Corn Earworm Biology and Management in Soybeans http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-770/444-770.html Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, is the most common and destructive insect pest of soybeans grown in Virginia. Although infestation severity varies, about one-third of our acreage is treated annually. This costs farmers 1.5 to 2 million dollars annually, and requires the application of many pounds of insecticide to crop lands. We may never eliminate this pest from Virginia soybeans, but knowledge of the biology and use of best management practices can help limit insecticide controls to those fields that meet economic threshold criteria. This publication provides current information on corn earworm biology, prediction of outbreaks, pest advisories, scouting procedures, and recently revised economic thresholds.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-770/444-770.html Getting Started in the Production of Field-grown Cut Flowers http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-618/426-618.html Do you have a roto-tiller and at least 1/2 acre of land? Consider cut flower production. Commercial vegetable growers, tobacco farmers, and young people interested in summer income are all potential candidates. Andy Hankins, VCE Extension Specialist for Alternative Agriculture, notes that even large-scale grain and livestock farmers have regained some profitability in their operations by adding cut flower production. For many greenhouse and nursery operations, mid-summer business is slow relative to spring. A field-grown cut flower business is a viable option to fill in the summer production and cash flow gap. 

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-618/426-618.html Field Production of Cut Flowers: Potential Crops http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-619/426-619.html Do you have a roto-tiller and at least 1/2 acre of land? Consider cut flower production. Commercial vegetable growers, tobacco farmers, and young people interested in summer income are all potential candidates. Andy Hankins, VCE Extension Specialist for Alternative Agriculture, notes that even large-scale grain and livestock farmers have regained some profitability in their operations by adding cut flower production. For many greenhouse and nursery operations, mid-summer business is slow relative to spring. A field-grown cut flower business is a viable option to fill in the summer production and cash flow gap. 

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-619/426-619.html Producing and Marketing Wild Simulated Ginseng in Forest and Agroforestry Systems http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/354/354-312/354-312.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/354/354-312/354-312.html Using the Virginia Cooperative Extension Climate Analysis Web Tool to Develop a Corn Planting Strategy http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-003/424-003.html With adequate soil moisture, early-planted corn generally out yields late-planted corn due to its better use of sunlight during June and July. The goal for most producers is to plant as early as possible and still achieve rapid emergence and a good crop stand.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-003/424-003.html Phosphorus, Agriculture & The Environment http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-029/424-029.html Phosphorus (P) is a naturally occurring element that can be found in the earth's crust, water, and all living organisms. Phosphorus (P) is one of 16 elements that are essential for plant growth. Soils in Virginia are naturally low in phosphorus, and most cropping systems on these soils require supplemental phosphorus to maximize their yield potential.

]]> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-029/424-029.html Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2005 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-564-05/450-564-05.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-564-05/450-564-05.html Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2004 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-564/450-564.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-564/450-564.html Potassium Fertilization of Cotton http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/418/418-025/418-025.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/418/418-025/418-025.html Virginia Soybean Variety Evaluation Tests 2005 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-107-05/424-107-05.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-107-05/424-107-05.html Virginia Soybean Variety Evaluation Tests 2004 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-107/424-107-04.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-107/424-107-04.html Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots 2007 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-109-07/424-109-07.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-109-07/424-109-07.html Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots 2006 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-109/424-109-06.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-109/424-109-06.html Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions I: Background and General Information http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-301/450-301.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-301/450-301.html Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions II: Identification, Biology, and Ecology http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-302/450-302.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-302/450-302.html Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions III: Control with Fungicides http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-303/450-303.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-303/450-303.html Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions IV: Cropping Systems and Cultural Practices http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-304/450-304.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-304/450-304.html Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions V: Monitoring, Tracking, and Scouting http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-305/450-305.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-305/450-305.html Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions VI: Sprayer and Nozzle Technology http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-306/450-306.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-306/450-306.html Soybean Disease Control: Response of Soybeans to Foliar Sprays of Fungicides in 2005 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-561/450-561.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-561/450-561.html Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Foliar Fungicides in 2006 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-562/450-562.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-562/450-562.html 2003 Flue-Cured Tobacco Production Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/436/436-048/436-048.html
  • Front cover (PDF | 484KB)(4 pages)
  • Table of Contents (PDF | 91KB)(1 page)
  • Flue-Cured Tobacco Budget Information (PDF | 143KB)(4 pages)
  • Agronomic Information (PDF | 334KB)(22 pages)
  • Flue-Cured Tobacco Disease Control (PDF | 261KB)(10 pages)
  • Weed Control In Flue-Cured Tobacco (PDF | 214KB)(6 pages)
  • Insects On Tobacco (PDF | 285KB)(18 pages)
  • Curing Tobacco (PDF | 203KB)(4 pages)
  • Calibration (PDF | 168KB)(4 pages)
  • EPA Worker Protection Standards for Commonly Used Pesticides for Flue-Cured Tobacco 2007 (PDF | 226KB)(14 pages)
  • Virginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board Annual Report (PDF | 420KB)(4 pages)
    • ]]>     Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/436/436-048/436-048.html     2008 Burley Tobacco Production Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/436/436-050-08/436-050-08.html Print entire publication in PDF (PDF | 8MB)(112 pages)

    ]]>     Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/436/436-050-08/436-050-08.html     Float Greenhouse Tobacco Transplant Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/436/436-051/436-051.html Commercial greenhouse production of tobacco transplants first appeared in Virginia in the mid-1980's. Initial adoption of this technology was slow due to the high cost of the structures and equipment. However, widespread acceptance of greenhouse tobacco transplant production has occurred in the 1990's. This has largely resulted from lower greenhouse costs, increased labor costs, and the generally good experiences of early greenhouse tobacco growers.

    ]]>     Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/436/436-051/436-051.html     Prevention and Control of Palmer Amaranth in Cotton http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2805/2805-1001/2805-1001.html Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a member of the "pigweed" family, is one of the most troublesome weeds in many southern row crops. Seed can germinate all season and plants can grow to over 6 feet in height. Plants have either male flowers that shed pollen or female flowers that can produce up to 600,000 seed per plant. One Palmer amaranth per 30 foot of row can reduce cotton yield by 6 to 12%.

    ]]>     Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2805/2805-1001/2805-1001.html     Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2007 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2808/2808-1005/2808-1005.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2808/2808-1005/2808-1005.html Prevention and Control of Palmer Amaranth in Soybean http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2808/2808-1006/2808-1006.html Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a member of the "pigweed" family, is one of the most troublesome weeds in many southern row crops. Seed can germinate all season and plants can grow to over 6 feet in height. Plants have either male flowers that shed pollen or female flowers that can produce up to 600,000 seed per plant. Four Palmer amaranth plants per 100 ft2 of row can reduce soybean yield by 12 to 17%.

    ]]>     Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2808/2808-1006/2808-1006.html     Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Fungicides in 2007 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2810/2810-1016/2810-1016.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2810/2810-1016/2810-1016.html 2009 Virginia Peanut Production Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2810/2810-1017/2810-1017.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2810/2810-1017/2810-1017.html Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2812/2812-1027/2812-1027.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2812/2812-1027/2812-1027.html Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results, 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2812/2812-1030/2812-1030.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2812/2812-1030/2812-1030.html Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots, 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2901/2901-1032/2901-1032.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2901/2901-1032/2901-1032.html Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results 2008 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1082/2902-1082.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1082/2902-1082.html Pest Management Guide: Field Crops, 2009 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-016/456-016.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-016/456-016.html Pest Management Guide: Horticultural and Forest Crops, 2009 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2006 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-236/424-236.html Tue, 28 Apr 2009 16:49:10 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-236/424-236.html Virginia Soybean Variety Evaluation Tests 2006 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-107-06/424-107-06.html Tue, 28 Apr 2009 10:26:54 -0400 http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/424/424-107-06/424-107-06.html