This guide outlines the principles of meeting plant nutrient needs through proper fertilizer selection, formulation, and application. Plants require 17 essential elements for growth, with fertilizers providing the mineral nutrients not derived from air or water. The document explains the differences among macronutrients, micronutrients, complete and incomplete fertilizers, and how fertilizer analyses indicate nutrient composition. It describes the use and calibration of fertilizer injectors, emphasizing the importance of injector ratios for accurate nutrient delivery. Methods for calculating fertilizer stock solutions are detailed, including examples for both complete and custom tank mixes. Finally, the guide highlights best practices for verifying fertilizer concentrations through electrical conductivity (EC) measurements and maintaining injector calibration to ensure consistent nutrient management in greenhouse crop production.

Soils are composed of solid mineral particles, organic matter, humus, living roots and organisms, and spaces holding air and water (pores). Soil is one of Virginia’s basic natural resources. We are dependent upon the soil as a primary resource of supporting food, fuel, and fiber production. Soils supply nutrients (elements or compounds) necessary for vigorous plant growth for plant growth. Soil moisture affects air pollution and vegetation cover that prevents erosion. Soils are necessary as a base for buildings and roads. Most new houses rely on onsite septic system drain fields to dispose of and treat septic waste through the soil nearby. Soils store carbon and water, clean the water of pollutants and excess nutrients, provide a rooting zone and structural support for plants, and offer habitat to microbes and animals.

Several species of spiders found in Virginia have fearsome reputations for giving painful bites resulting in life-threating complications.

Emerald ash borer (EAB) is found in all regions of Virginia. Some areas have established populations with a high level of ash tree mortality and other areas are seeing it for the first time. With a wider spread of infestation many homeowners are seeking methods to protect their ash trees.