Virginia’s Home Garden Vegetable Planting Guide: Recommended Planting Dates and Amounts to Plant
ID
426-331 (SPES-673P)
EXPERT REVIEWED
Introduction
Selecting appropriate planting dates is a critical component of successful vegetable gardening. Vegetables vary widely in their preferred growing conditions and tolerance to temperature extremes, both cold and hot. Understanding the local frost-free period aids in selecting appropriate planting dates. This publication uses U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones for guidance in selecting planting dates for spring- and fall-planted vegetables for the home garden in Virginia.
In addition, this guide suggests approximate amounts of each crop to plant based on family size and preferences, along with guidelines on plant spacing and the amount of seed or number of plants needed per 10 feet of row.
When to Plant
See the 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map: Virginia (fig. 1) to identify your area’s hardiness zone. A searchable map with hardiness zones for specific locations is available at https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov.
Virginia’s mountainous topography creates a diversity of hardiness zones over a small area. For example, Roanoke County has four different hardiness zones with a 30-day planting difference between them. In addition, microclimates including south slopes will be warmer, and north slopes will be cooler. Adjust according to your specific location and experience.
The first and last average fall and spring freeze dates are listed in table 1. Specific information by county can be found at the Midwestern Regional Climate Center website (https://mrcc.purdue.edu/freeze/freezedatetool).
Refer to the recommended planting date table for your USDA hardiness zone (tables 2-4) to find recommended planting periods for various crops.
Zone |
Last spring frost |
First fall frost |
|---|---|---|
6a |
May 5-15 |
Oct 5-15 |
6b |
April 25-May 5 |
Oct 5-15 |
7a |
April 15-25 |
Oct 15-25 |
7b |
April 5-15 |
Oct 25-Nov 5 |
8a |
April 1-15 |
Nov 1-15 |
8b |
March 15-April 1 |
Nov 15-25 |
Recommended Planting and Harvest Dates
Hardiness Zone 6a and 6b
Actual last and first killing frost dates will vary due to local conditions and yearly temperature fluctuations. You may wish to favor earlier or later planting dates within the given range based on local data or experience.
Note: The use of row cover fabric and cold frames may extend the expected planting and harvest window by two to four weeks in the spring and fall.
Crop |
Zone 6a Spring |
Zone 6a Fall |
Zone 6b Spring |
Zone 6b Fall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus1 |
April 1-May 1 |
not recommended |
April 1-May 1 |
not recommended |
Beans, lima |
May 20-June 20 |
June 20-July 10 |
May 10-June 20 |
June 20-July 10 |
Beans, pole |
May 15-June 15 |
June 15-July 1 |
May 5-June 25 |
June 25-July 1 |
Beans, snap2 |
May 15-June 15 |
June 15-July 15 |
May 5-June 25 |
June 25-July 25 |
Beets |
April 1-May 10 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 20-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
Broccoli3 |
April 10-May 20 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
April 1-May 10 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
Brussels sprouts3 |
not recommended |
July 10-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
July 20-Aug 1 |
Cabbage3 |
April 10-May 20 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
April 1-May 10 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
Cabbage, Chinese3 |
April 10-May 20 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
April 1-May 10 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
Carrots |
April 1-May 10 |
July 10-Aug 1 |
March 20-May 1 |
July 10-Aug 1 |
Cauliflower3 |
April 10-May 1 |
July 10-Aug 10 |
April 1-April 20 |
July 10-Aug 10 |
Chard, Swiss |
April 1-May 20 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 20-May 10 |
July 10-Sept 1 |
Collards, kale |
March 20-May 10 |
July 20-Sept 1 |
March 10-May 1 |
July 10-Sept 1 |
Corn, sweet |
May 5-July 10 |
not recommended |
April 20-July 10 |
not recommended |
Cucumbers |
May 10-June 10 |
June 10-July 10 |
May 1-June 10 |
June 10-July 10 |
Eggplant3 |
May 15-June 10 |
not recommended |
May 1-July 10 |
not recommended |
Garlic |
not recommended |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
not recommended |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Kohlrabi |
April 1-May 10 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 20-May 1 |
July 20-Sept 1 |
Leeks3 |
April 10-May 10 |
July 20-Aug 20 |
April 1-May 1 |
July 10-Aug 20 |
Lettuce, baby salad2 |
April 10-June 1 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
April 1-May 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
Lettuce, head2,3 |
April 10-June 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 10 |
April 1-May 20 |
July 20-Sept 10 |
Muskmelon |
May 10-July 1 |
not recommended |
May 1-July 1 |
not recommended |
Mustard2 |
March 20-May 10 |
Aug 1-Sept 20 |
March 10-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 20 |
Okra |
May 20-July 10 |
not recommended |
May 10-July 10 |
not recommended |
Onion (bulbing)4 |
March 20-May 10 |
not recommended |
March 10-May 10 |
not recommended |
Peas, garden |
March 20-April 10 |
not recommended |
March 10-April 10 |
not recommended |
Peas, southern |
June 1-July 10 |
not recommended |
May 20-July 20 |
not recommended |
Peppers3 |
May 10-July 10 |
not recommended |
May 10-July 10 |
not recommended |
Potatoes |
April 1-June 1 |
not recommended |
March 20-June 1 |
not recommended |
Pumpkin |
May 20-July 1 |
not recommended |
May 10-July 1 |
not recommended |
Radish2 |
March 20-May 10 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
March 10-May 20 |
Aug 10-Oct 1 |
Rutabaga |
not recommended |
July 20-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
July 20-Aug 10 |
Spinach2 |
March 20-May 1 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
March 10-April 20 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Squash, summer |
May 10-June 20 |
June 20-Aug 10 |
May 5-June 10 |
June 10-Aug 10 |
Squash, winter |
May 10-July 1 |
not recommended |
May 5-July 1 |
not recommended |
Sweet potatoes |
May 20-July 1 |
not recommended |
May 15-July 1 |
not recommended |
Tomatoes3 |
May 10-June 10 |
June 10-July 10 |
May 10-June 10 |
June 10-July 10 |
Turnips2 |
April 1-May 10 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 20-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 10 |
Watermelon |
May 20-July 1 |
not recommended |
May15-July 1 |
not recommended |
1 Do not harvest asparagus in first year.
2 Plant multiple successions to extend cropping season.
3 Planting dates for transplants.
4 Planting dates for onion sets. Start seeds in greenhouse or high tunnel in late fall.
Hardiness Zone 7a and 7b
Actual last and first killing frost dates will vary due to local conditions and yearly temperature fluctuations. You may wish to favor earlier or later planting dates within the given range based on local data or experience.
Note: The use of row cover fabric and cold frames may extend the expected planting and harvest window by two to four weeks in the spring and fall.
Crop |
Zone 7a Spring |
Zone 7a Fall |
Zone 7b Spring |
Zone 7b Fall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus1 |
March 20-April 20 |
not recommended |
March 10-April 10 |
not recommended |
Beans, lima |
May 1-June 20 |
June 20-July 20 |
April 20-June 20 |
June 20-Aug 1 |
Beans, pole |
April 20-June 20 |
June 20-July 10 |
April 10-June 10 |
June 10-July 20 |
Beans, snap2 |
April 20-June 10 |
June 10-Aug 1 |
April 10-June 10 |
June 10-Aug 10 |
Beets |
March 10-May 1 |
Aug 10-Sept 10 |
March 1-April 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
Broccoli3 |
March 20-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 10-April 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 10 |
Brussels sprouts3 |
not recommended |
Aug 1-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Aug 10-Aug 20 |
Cabbage3 |
March 20-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 10-April 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 10 |
Cabbage, Chinese3 |
March 20-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 1 |
March 10-April 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 10 |
Carrots |
March 10-April 20 |
July 10-Aug 20 |
March 1-April 10 |
July 20-Sept 1 |
Cauliflower3 |
March 10-April 10 |
Aug 1-Aug 20 |
March 10-April 1 |
Aug 10-Sept 1 |
Chard, Swiss |
March 10-May 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 10 |
March 1-April 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
Collards, kale |
March 1-April 20 |
Aug 1-Sept 10 |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
Corn, sweet |
April 10-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 1-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
Cucumbers |
April 20-June 20 |
June 20-July 20 |
April 10-June 10 |
June 10-Aug 1 |
Eggplant3 |
April 20-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 10-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
Garlic |
not recommended |
Oct 1-Oct 30 |
not recommended |
Oct 1-Oct 30 |
Kohlrabi |
March 10-April 20 |
Aug 10-Sept 10 |
March 1-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 20 |
Leeks3 |
March 20-April 20 |
April 20-July 1 |
March 10-April 10 |
April 10-July 1 |
Lettuce, baby salad2 |
March 20-May 10 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
March 10-May 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 20 |
Lettuce, head2,3 |
March 20-May 10 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
March 10-May 1 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Muskmelon |
April 20-July 1 |
not recommended |
April 10-July 10 |
not recommended |
Mustard2 |
March 1-April 20 |
Aug 10-Oct 1 |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Aug 20-Oct 10 |
Okra |
May 1-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 20-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
Onion (bulbing)4 |
March 1-May 1 |
not recommended |
Feb 20-April 20 |
not recommended |
Peas, garden |
March 1-April 1 |
not recommended |
Feb 20-April 1 |
not recommended |
Peas, southern |
May 10-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
May 1-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Peppers3 |
April 20-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 10-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
Potatoes |
March 10-May 20 |
not recommended |
March 1-May 10 |
not recommended |
Pumpkin |
May 1-July 1 |
not recommended |
April 20-July 10 |
not recommended |
Radish2 |
March 1-May 1 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Feb 20-April 20 |
Sept 1-Oct 10 |
Rutabaga |
not recommended |
Aug 1-Aug 20 |
not recommended |
Aug 10-Sept 1 |
Spinach2 |
March 1-April 10 |
Sept 1-Oct 10 |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Sept 10-Oct 20 |
Squash, summer |
April 20-June 20 |
June 20-Aug 20 |
April 10-June 20 |
June 20-Sept 1 |
Squash, winter |
April 20-July 10 |
not recommended |
April 10-July 20 |
not recommended |
Sweet potatoes |
May 1-July 10 |
not recommended |
May 1-July 20 |
not recommended |
Tomatoes3 |
April 20-June 20 |
June 20-Aug 1 |
April 10-June 20 |
June 20-Aug 1 |
Turnips3 |
March 10-May 1 |
Aug 10-Sept 20 |
March 1-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 20 |
Watermelon |
May 1-July 10 |
not recommended |
April 20-July 20 |
not recommended |
1 Do not harvest asparagus in first year.
2 Plant multiple successions to extend cropping season.
3 Planting dates for transplants.
4 Planting dates for onion sets. Start seeds in greenhouse or high tunnel in late fall.
Hardiness Zone 8a and 8b
Actual last and first killing frost dates will vary due to local conditions and yearly temperature fluctuations. You may wish to favor earlier or later planting
dates within the given range based on local data or experience.
Note: The use of row cover fabric and cold frames may extend the expected planting and harvest window by two to four weeks in the spring and fall.
Crop |
Zone 8a Spring |
Zone 8a Fall |
Zone b Spring |
Zone 8b Fall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus1 |
Feb 15-April 1 |
not recommended |
Feb 15-April 1 |
not recommended |
Beans, lima |
April 20-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 20 |
April 10-July 1 |
July 1-Sept 1 |
Beans, pole |
April 10-July 1 |
July 1-July 20 |
April 1-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 1 |
Beans, snap2 |
April 1-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 20 |
March 20-July 1 |
July 1-Sept 1 |
Beets |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Broccoli3 |
March 1-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 20 |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 20 |
Brussels sprouts3 |
not recommended |
Aug 20-Sept 1 |
not recommended |
Aug 10-Aug 20 |
Cabbage3 |
March 1-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 10 |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 10 |
Cabbage, Chinese3 |
March 1-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 20 |
March 1-April 10 |
Aug 20-Sept 20 |
Carrots |
Feb 20-April 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 10 |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Aug 1-Sept 10 |
Cauliflower3 |
March 1-March 20 |
Aug 20-Sept 10 |
Feb 20-March 20 |
Aug 20-Sept 10 |
Chard, Swiss |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Feb 20-April 10 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Collards, kale |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Aug 20-Oct 1 |
Corn, sweet |
April 1-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
March 20-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Cucumbers |
April 10-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 10 |
April 1-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 10 |
Eggplant3 |
April 10-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
April 1-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Garlic |
not recommended |
Oct 15-Nov 15 |
not recommended |
Oct 15-Nov 15 |
Kohlrabi |
Feb 20-April 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Feb 20-April 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Leeks3 |
March 1-April 1 |
not recommended |
Feb 20-April 1 |
not recommended |
Lettuce, baby salad2 |
March 10-May 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 20 |
Feb 20-May 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 20 |
Lettuce, head2,3 |
March 1-April 20 |
Sept 1-Oct 10 |
Feb 20-April 20 |
Sept 1-Oct 10 |
Muskmelon |
April 10-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 1-July 20 |
not recommended |
Mustard2 |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 20 |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 20 |
Okra |
April 15-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
April 10-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Onion (bulbing)4 |
Feb 20-April 20 |
not recommended |
Feb 10-April 10 |
not recommended |
Peas, garden |
Feb 20-April 1 |
not recommended |
Feb 10-April 1 |
not recommended |
Peas, southern |
April 20-Aug 20 |
not recommended |
April 20-Aug 20 |
not recommended |
Peppers3 |
April 10-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
April 1-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Potatoes |
Feb 20-April 10 |
not recommended |
Feb 20-April 1 |
not recommended |
Pumpkin |
April 10-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 10-July 20 |
not recommended |
Radish2 |
Feb 10-April 10 |
Sept 10-Oct 20 |
Feb 1-April 10 |
Sept 10-Oct 20 |
Rutabaga |
not recommended |
Aug 20-Sept 10 |
not recommended |
Aug 20-Sept 10 |
Spinach2 |
Feb 10-March 20 |
Sept 20-Nov 1 |
Feb 10-March 20 |
Sept 20-Nov 1 |
Squash, summer |
April 10-July 1 |
July 1-Sept 10 |
April 1-July 1 |
July 1-Sept 10 |
Squash, winter |
April 10-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
April 1-Aug 10 |
not recommended |
Sweet potato |
April 20-July 20 |
not recommended |
April 20-July 20 |
not recommended |
Tomatoes3 |
April 10-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 10 |
April 1-July 1 |
July 1-Aug 10 |
Turnips2 |
Feb 20-April 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Feb 10-April 1 |
Sept 1-Oct 1 |
Watermelon |
April 10-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
April 10-Aug 1 |
not recommended |
1 Do not harvest asparagus in first year.
2 Plant multiple successions to extend cropping season.
3 Planting dates for transplants.
4 Planting dates for onion sets. Start seeds in greenhouse or high tunnel in late fall.
How Much to Plant
How much of each crop to plant is determined by many factors, including your vegetable preferences, the size of your garden, and the time and energy you can devote to maintaining it. The age, lifestyle, and cooking habits of your family also influence how much of each vegetable you should grow. You may want to grow more of a certain crop if you plan on canning or freezing.
Table 5 (on page 6) provides recommendations for the number of plants to grow per person for each vegetable based on expected yield. Consider that children may require half the amount of vegetables as adults. Some crops provide a continuous harvest throughout the season, while others are harvested only once or twice. For certain crops, you may wish to do multiple plantings spaced every two to three weeks during the planting window to achieve a continuous harvest. This table indicates the number of plantings recommended for each crop during the spring/summer and fall planting windows. Varieties with different days to maturity can also be used to extend the harvest season.
Table 5 also includes recommended plant spacing and number of seeds or plants required per 10 feet of row. Setting plants in a straight row makes planting and weeding easier. How wide you space the rows depends on the dimensions of the garden beds and the size of the hand tools or power tools used to control weeds between rows. Space plants closer together in the row when using wider spacing between rows and farther apart when using closer spacing between the rows.
Crop |
Distance between plants in row |
Distance between rows |
Approx. amount of seed/ transplants for 10-ft row |
Approx. yield per 10-ft row |
Approx. no. of plants per person per planting |
No. of plantings Spring/ Summer |
No. of plantings Fall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus |
12-18 in |
36-48 in |
10 crowns |
3-4 lbs |
5-10 |
1 |
0 |
Beans, bush |
1-3 in |
24-36 in |
1 oz seed |
3-5 lbs |
10 |
4 |
0 |
Beans, lima |
3-6 in |
24-36 in |
1 oz seed |
4-6 lbs |
4-8 |
1 |
0 |
Beans, pole |
4-12 in |
36-48 in |
1 oz seed |
6-10 lbs |
3-5 |
2 |
0 |
Beets |
2-3 in |
12-18 in |
1/8 oz seed |
8-10 lbs |
10-20 |
2 |
2 |
Broccoli |
12-24 in |
18-36 in |
10 transplants |
4-6 lbs |
3-5 |
2 |
3 |
Brussels sprouts |
18-24 in |
30-36 in |
7 transplants |
3-5 lbs |
2-5 |
0 |
1 |
Cabbage |
12-18 in |
18-36 in |
10 transplants |
10-25 lbs |
4-8 |
1 |
2 |
Cabbage, Chinese |
4-30 in |
18-36 in |
10 transplants |
20-30 lbs |
6-8 |
1 |
2 |
Carrots |
Thin to 1.5-2 in |
6-12 in |
1/20 oz seed |
7-10 lbs |
10-30 |
1 |
2 |
Cauliflower |
12-24 in |
24-36 in |
10 transplants |
8-10 lbs |
3-5 |
1 |
2 |
Chard, Swiss |
6-12 in |
18-30 in |
1/5 oz seed |
8-12 lbs |
3-5 |
1 |
2 |
Collards, kale |
12-24 in |
18-36 in |
10 transplants |
4-8 lbs |
3-7 |
1 |
2 |
Corn, sweet |
6-12 in |
24-36 in |
1/2 oz seed |
7-10 lbs |
15-20 |
3-5 |
0 |
Cucumbers |
12-18 in |
48-72 in |
10 transplants |
8-10 lbs |
2-4 |
2-3 |
0 |
Eggplant |
18-24 in |
30-42 in |
7 transplants |
10-12 lbs |
1-3 |
1 |
0 |
Kohlrabi |
4-6 in |
12-36 in |
30 transplants |
4-8 lbs |
3-6 |
1 |
2 |
Leeks |
4-6 in |
12-30 in |
1/10 oz seed |
5-10 lbs |
10-12 |
1 |
1 |
Lettuce, head |
6-10 in |
10-18 in |
20 transplants |
2-4 lbs |
5-10 |
3 |
3 |
Lettuce, baby salad |
0.2-0.4 in |
6-12 in |
1/4 oz seed |
2-4 lbs |
10-15 ft of row |
2 |
3 |
Muskmelon |
24-36 in |
60-90 in |
5 transplants |
15-25 lbs |
2-3 |
2 |
0 |
Mustard |
1-2 in thin-6 in |
18-30 in |
1/10 oz seed |
3-6 lbs |
5-10 |
1 |
2 |
Okra |
12-18 in |
36-48 in |
15 transplants |
5-10 lbs |
3-5 |
2 |
0 |
Onions (bulbing) |
2-4 in |
12-18 in |
60 transplants |
7-10 lbs |
20-30 |
1 |
0 |
Peas, garden |
2-3 in |
12-30 in |
1/2 oz seed |
2-6 lbs |
20-30 |
2 |
0 |
Peas, southern (cowpeas) |
3-4 in |
24-36 in |
1 oz seed |
5-18 lbs |
20-30 |
1 |
0 |
Peppers |
12-24 in |
30-36 in |
10 transplants |
5-18 lbs |
3-5 |
2 |
0 |
Potatoes |
10-18 in |
24-42 in |
1 lb |
10-20 lbs |
10 |
1 |
0 |
Pumpkin |
2-4’ |
5-8’ |
1/20 oz seed |
10-20 lbs |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Radish |
3/4-1 in |
6-12 in |
1/8 oz seed |
3-5 lbs |
2 ft of row |
2 |
4 |
Rutabaga |
3-6 in |
12-30 in |
1/8 oz seed |
8-12 lbs |
10-20 |
0 |
1 |
Spinach |
0.5-1 in thin to 4 in |
6-12 in |
1/8 oz seed |
4-6 lbs |
15 |
2 |
2 |
Squash, summer |
18-36 in |
36-60 in |
1/10 oz seed |
20-80 lbs |
1-2 |
3 |
0 |
Squash, winter |
2-4 ft |
3-10 ft |
1/10 oz seed |
10-80 lbs |
1-2 |
1 |
0 |
Sweet potato |
9-12 in |
30-48 in |
15 slips |
8-12 lbs |
5 |
1 |
0 |
Tomatoes |
18-36 in |
36-50 in |
7 transplants |
15-45 lbs |
2-4 |
2 |
0 |
Turnips |
2-3 in |
12-24 in |
1/8 oz seed |
8-12 lbs |
10-20 |
1 |
1 |
Watermelon |
3-4 ft |
5-10 ft |
3 transplants |
8-40 lbs |
2 |
2 |
0 |
Additional Resources
Virginia Cooperative Extension Publications
Additional resources to assist in planning, planting, and maintaining the home garden are available from Virginia Cooperative Extension. Publications on a wide variety of individual crops and garden pests can be found on the VCE publications website at www.pubs.ext.vt.edu.
Jadrnicek, Shawn, and Emmanuel Torres Quezada. 2022. How to Develop a Planting Plan for Vegetables in Virginia: A Sample Spreadsheet. VCE publication SPES-401NP. www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/SPES/spes-401/spes-401.html.
Niemiera, Alex X. 2025. Planning the Vegetable Garden. VCE publication 426-312 (SPES-678P). www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-312/426-312.html.
Reiter, Mark S. 2024/2025 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations. VCE publication 456-420 (SPES-586P). www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-420/456-420.html.
Relf, Diane. 2020. Vegetable Gardening in Containers. VCE publication 426-336 (SPES-255P). www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-336/426-336.html.
Further Resources
Southeastern Vegetable Extension Workers Group. 2025. Southeastern U.S. 2025 Vegetable Crop Handbook. 26 ed. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeastern-us-vegetable-crop-handbook.
USDA. 2023. “2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.” https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov.
Acknowledgements
This publication was originally authored by Diane Relf, former Virginia Cooperative Extension horticulturist, and Alan McDaniel, former associate professor, Horticulture, Virginia Tech.
Virginia Cooperative Extension materials are available for public use, reprint, or citation without further permission, provided the use includes credit to the author and to Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, and Virginia State University.
Virginia Cooperative Extension is a partnership of Virginia Tech, Virginia State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments. Its programs and employment are open to all, regardless of age, color, disability, sex (including pregnancy), gender, gender identity, gender expression, genetic information, ethnicity or national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sexual orientation, or military status, or any other basis protected by law.
Publication Date
May 30, 2025
