Resources for Enhanced Digital Publications
Title | Available As | Summary | Date | ID | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pressure Canning | Dec 5, 2019 | 348-585 (FST-222) | |||
Food Storage Guidelines For Consumers | Consumers get food in many ways. They can purchase their food from a convenience store, grocery store, or supermarket, grow or raise their own food, or receive food through a food pantry or other hunger relief program when needed. Often, an individual consumer will have access to more food than they can eat in a day and so it will need to be stored until it is used. This publication will address how you can safely store your food for optimal quality until you are ready to use and consume it. |
Jul 18, 2023 | 348-960 (FST-453NP) | ||
Elaboración de Conservas a Presión (Pressure Canning) | El proceso para envasar alimentos en casa o conservas
caseras, depende de la acidez del alimento, lo cual se
determina por su pH. Los alimentos de baja acidez
tienen un pH más grande que 4.6, y los alimentos de
alta acidez tienen un pH menos que 4.6. En general,
los vegetales (verduras o hortalizas) y carnes son
alimentos de baja acidez, y las frutas son alimentos
alta acidez. Los alimentos de alta acidez pueden
procesarse de manera segura por agua hirviendo, pero
los alimentos de baja acidez se deben procesar en una
olla a presión para conservas. |
Sep 1, 2021 | 348-585S (FST-233P) | ||
The Impact of a 4-H Youth Development Program on the Future College/Career Aspirations of Youth Ages 14-19 | Feb 28, 2018 | 380-023 (4H-777) | |||
Teen Leadership and Development Fact Sheets: Preparing Teens for Opportunities Beyond the Local Level | Virginia 4-H offers a wide variety of opportunities
beyond the local level that enable teens to develop the
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and aspirations needed for
success. However, before we involve teens in opportunities
such as State 4-H Cabinet, State 4-H Congress,
Virginia 4-H All Stars, Citizenship Washington Focus,
National 4-H Congress, and National 4-H Conference,
we — as 4-H professionals — must be sure the teens are
adequately prepared for such ventures. This fact sheet
provides tips on how to prepare your teens for district,
state, national, and international 4-H opportunities. |
Feb 14, 2020 | 4H-283P (4H-880P) | ||
Teen Leadership and Development Fact Sheets: Working Effectively With Teen Volunteers | Oct 2, 2020 | 4H-510P | |||
4-H Animal Science Financial Record Keeping Lessons | This is the first in a series of six lessons that focus on 4-H livestock financial record keeping. It discusses the importance of matching your livestock project animal with your farm’s facilities. This activity will help members learn to
set and achieve goals in their animal projects. The discussion about the factors to consider and the questions to ask themselves will help members answer the questions in the project planning section of the record book. |
Feb 22, 2022 | 4H-540P | ||
The Value of Teen Leadership: Quick Guide | Jan 2, 2024 | 4H-785P | |||
The Value of Teen Leadership | Jan 2, 2024 | 4H-786P | |||
Sod Source Selection, Installation, Maintenance, and Producers in Virginia | While high-quality sod is available outside of the
VCIA-certified sod program, the consumer is
encouraged to be aware of factors that are important
in determining sod quality. Quality sod contains
excellent turf varieties with good sod strength (i.e.,
easy to handle for both harvest and installation) and has no
serious insect, weed, or disease problems. |
Feb 3, 2021 | 418-040 (CSES-151P) | ||
Fertilizing Cool-Season Forages with Poultry Litter versus Commercial Fertilizer | Aug 30, 2019 | 418-142 | |||
An Introduction to Growing Christmas Trees in Virginia | Each year many landowners in Virginia consider Christmas
tree farming as an alternative enterprise for their
unused open land. The number of growers in the Commonwealth
is increasing steadily, and currently Virginia
ranks eighth in the nation in Christmas tree production,
with about 1.8 million trees harvested in 1990. |
Mar 11, 2021 | 420-080 (CNRE-131P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - What Is Aquatic Biodiversity; Why Is it Important? | Aquatic biodiversity is the rich and wonderful variety of plants and animals—from crayfish to catfish, from mussels to mayflies, from tadpoles to trout—that live in watery habitats. It is the number of different native species, or species richness. |
Dec 18, 2019 | 420-520 (CNRE-77P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Why Is Aquatic Biodiversity Declining? | When a species goes extinct, all the genetic information carried by individuals of that species is lost forever, never to be reproduced again. Extinction is a terrible waste of life and a loss of potential solutions to future problems such as possible cures to disease and solutions for survival in a changing world. |
Jan 7, 2020 | 420-521 (CNRE-78P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Aquatic Habitats: Homes for Aquatic Animals | Natural aquatic habitats include ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, springs, estuaries, bays, and various types of wetlands. Some of these habitats are shallow and others deep, some are cold-water and others warm-water, some are freshwater and others saltwater, and some have high oxygen levels and others little oxygen. |
Feb 11, 2020 | 420-522 (CNRE-79P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Freshwater Mussel Biodiversity and Conservation | Nearly 300 species of mussels inhabit freshwater rivers, streams, and lakes in the United States. This is the richest diversity of mussels found in the world and an extraordinary natural heritage that needs protection. Because of the lustrous,
pearl-like interior of the shells, some of these pearly mussels have important commercial value in the cultured pearl and jewelry industry. |
Jan 7, 2020 | 420-523 (CNRE-80P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Freshwater Fish Biodiversity and Conservation | Nearly 800 native fish species in 36 families
inhabit the freshwater rivers, streams, and
lakes of the United States and Canada. North
America has the most diverse temperate freshwater
fish fauna in the world. |
Feb 11, 2020 | 420-525 (CNRE-83P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Selected Freshwater Fish Families | This is the largest and most ecologically diverse family of freshwater fishes in the world. Minnows are exclusively freshwater, although some species stray into brackish, tidal waters. Over 290 species of minnows occur in North America. |
Feb 12, 2020 | 420-526 (CNRE-90P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Frog Biodiversity and Conservation | Frogs can be found in all landscapes, from deep under the water to high in trees. There are more than 100 species of frogs in the United States, and many of these are of conservation concern. This publication describes frog biology, diversity, and conservation issues. |
Feb 12, 2020 | 420-527 (CNRE-87P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Salamander Biodiversity and Conservation | Of the more than 700 species of salamanders found worldwide, more than 200 live in North America, and over 40 percent of these are considered to be at risk. Although these secretive creatures are unknown to many people, they are important parts of our natural world and in serious need of our protection. This publication describes salamander biology and conservation concerns. |
Feb 12, 2020 | 420-528 (CNRE-88P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Freshwater Snail Biodiversity and Conservation | Six hundred fifty different species of snails are
widely distributed across the streams, rivers,
and lakes of North America. There are unique
species associated with every type of aquatic habitat
from the Canadian Arctic to the Everglades of
Florida. |
Nov 5, 2019 | 420-530 (CNRE-76P) | ||
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Aquatic Insect Biodiversity and Conservation | The diversity of insects can only be described
as amazing. More than half of all known
species of living things (microbes, plants, and
animals) are insects. |
Dec 17, 2019 | 420-531 (CNRE-81P) | ||
Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates | Aug 30, 2019 | 424-035 | |||
Plant Propagation from Seed | Sexual propagation involves the union of the pollen (male) with the egg (female) to produce a seed. The seed is made up of three main parts: the outer seed coat, which protects the seed; a food reserve (e.g., the endosperm); and the embryo, which is the young plant itself. When a seed is mature and put in a favorable environment, it will germinate, or begin active growth. In the following section, seed germination and transplanting of seedswill be discussed. |
Oct 11, 2019 | 426-001 | ||
Propagation by Cuttings, Layering and Division | Oct 11, 2019 | 426-002 | |||
What Is a Watershed? | This publication defines watersheds, why they are important to everyone, and how people positively and negatively impact them. |
Sep 11, 2023 | 426-041 (SPES-2P) | ||
Rain Garden Plants | A rain garden is a landscaped area specially designed to collect rainfall and storm-water runoff. The plants and soil in the rain garden clean pollutants from the water as it seeps into the ground and evaporates back into the atmosphere. For a rain garden to work, plants must be selected, installed, and maintained properly. |
Jan 2, 2024 | 426-043 (SPES-57P) | ||
Urban Water Quality Management–Residential Stormwater: Put It in Its Place. Decreasing Runoff and Increasing Stormwater Infiltration | Humans and plants depend on an adequate supply of
clean water for a number of reasons, from producingfood
to sustaining life. The average Virginia resident
uses 826 gallons of fresh water daily (Virginia Department
of Environmental Quality [VADEQ] 2008). In the
Commonwealth alone, there are more than one million
households that depend on well water, withdrawing
more than 50 billion gallons annually (Virginia Department
of Health 2008). For groundwater replenishment,
we depend largely on recharge (water moving from the
surface to groundwater) from infiltration of precipitation
through permeable surfaces in the environment — an
important part of the natural water cycle (VADEQ
2010). |
Jun 2, 2020 | 426-046(HORT-160P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 1: Rooftop Disconnection | Dec 4, 2019 | 426-120 (BSE-269P) | |||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 2: Sheet Flow to Open Space | Sheet flow to open space (SOS) is a group of best management practices (BMPs) designed to disperse concentrated runoff to sheet flow into filter strips or a riparian buffer. An SOS reduces runoff volume and associated sediment and nutrients that are carried with it (see figure 1). It is used as a stormwater treatment practice in both urban and rural areas. This practice is often used after another treatment practice to disperse or eliminate runoff. In a few cases, an SOS can be used as a pretreatment to remove small amounts of sediment via a vegetated filter strip — prior to a bioretention device, for example. |
Dec 4, 2019 | 426-121 (BSE-270P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 3: Grass Channels | Dec 11, 2019 | 426-122 (BSE-271P) | |||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 4: Soil Restoration | Soil restoration (SR) is the technique of enhancing
compacted soils to improve their porosity and nutrient
retention. It includes biological (worms) and mechanical
aeration, mechanical loosening (tilling), planting
dense vegetation, and applying soil amendments.
Soil amendments involve the spreading and mixing of
mature compost into disturbed and compacted urban
soils (see Figure 1). |
Dec 11, 2019 | 426-123 (BSE-272P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 5: Vegetated Roofs | A vegetated roof (VR) is a best management practice
(BMP) that reduces stormwater runoff and pollution.
Vegetation and media create a permeable system on
a previously impervious surface. The VR intercepts
rainfall and filters runoff while reducing the volume
and velocity. Vegetated roofs consist of a waterproofing
barrier, drainage system, and engineered growing
media. There are two types of VRs: intensive and
extensive. Intensive vegetated roofs are deeper and
heavier, while extensive vegetated roofs are shallower,
lighter, and more common (see Figure 1). The type of
VR determines the amount of maintenance necessary to
maintain the vegetation. |
Dec 11, 2019 | 426-124 (BSE-273P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 6: Rainwater Harvesting | Rainwater harvesting (RWH), also known as rainwater
harvesting systems or cisterns, are devices that intercept,
divert, store, and release collected roof runoff
from rainfall for later use as an alternative water supply
(see figure 1). RWH can also be designed to provide
runoff reduction benefits. Therefore, it is classified as
a best management practice (BMP) for treatment of
urban stormwater. Because of its dual purpose and
benefit, RWH is often classified as a sustainable urban
BMP. |
Dec 11, 2019 | 426-125 (BSE-274P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 7: Permeable Pavement | Permeable pavement (PP) is a modified form of asphalt or concrete with a top layer that is pervious to water due to voids intentionally created during mixing. PPs
include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. These materials are used as stormwater treatment practices in urban areas. They are used in place of traditionally impervious surfaces to allow infiltration and storage, thus reducing runoff
(see figure 1). |
Jan 22, 2020 | 426-126 (BSE-275P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 8: Infiltration Practices | Infiltration practices provide temporary surface and/or
subsurface storage, allowing infiltration of runoff into
soils. In practice, an excavated trench is usually filled
with gravel or stone media, where runoff is stored in
pore spaces or voids between the stones (see figure
1). These systems can reduce significant quantities of
stormwater by enhancing infiltration, as well as provide
filtering and adsorption of pollutants within the
stone media and soils. Infiltration practices are part of
a group of stormwater treatment practices, also known
as best management practices (BMPs) |
Dec 4, 2019 | 426-127 (BSE-276P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 13: Constructed Wetlands | Constructed wetlands are a series of ponds with varying depths that treat stormwater using wetland processes. In terms of biological activity, wetlands are extremely productive; and thus constructed wetlands can provide significant water quality treatment to urban runoff. This fact sheet describes these benefits, and provides guidance on their design and limitations. |
Jan 22, 2020 | 426-132 (BSE-281P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 14: Wet Ponds | Wet ponds are ponds designed to retain water through storage. They provide treatment through settling and biological uptake. They can also attenuate peak flows and provide flood and streambank protection. This fact sheet describes wet ponds and their benefits and limitations. |
Jan 22, 2020 | 426-133 (BSE-282) | ||
Tomatoes | Tomatoes are valuable garden plants in that they require
relatively little space for large production. Each standard
tomato plant, properly cared for, yields 10 to 15 pounds
or more of fruit.Diane Relf, Retired Extension Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech
Alan McDaniel, Extension Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech
Ronald Morse, Former Associate Professor, Horticulture, Virginia Tech
Reviewed by John Freeborn, Assistant Master Gardener Coordinator, Horticulture, Virginia Tech |
May 5, 2021 | 426-418 (HORT-288P) | ||
Herb Culture and Use | Oct 11, 2019 | 426-420 | |||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Boxwoods | Aug 2, 2023 | 426-603 (HORT-290P) | |||
Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Gardens | Sep 12, 2019 | 426-708 (ENTO-330NP) | |||
Fertilización del Césped en Virginia (Lawn Fertilization in Virginia) | Jun 22, 2021 | 430-011s (CSES-166P) | |||
Fertilización de árboles y arbustos (Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs) | Los árboles y arbustos necesitan nutrientes para crecer
y estar sanos. Los tres nutrientes más importantes son
nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Un análisis de suelos es
siempre la mejor manera de saber qué nutrientes se
necesitan y la cantidad necesaria de cada uno. |
Jul 12, 2021 | 430-018S (SPES-338P) | ||
Dealing with the High Cost of Energy for Greenhouse Operations | Aug 21, 2023 | 430-101 (HORT-284P) | |||
Using Plant Growth Regulators on Containerized Herbaceous Perennials | Aug 21, 2023 | 430-103 (HORT-281) | |||
Droplet Chart / Selection Guide | When choosing nozzles/droplet sizes for spray applications, applicators must consider both coverage needed and drift potential. As a rule, smaller droplets provide better coverage, but larger droplets are less likely to drift. |
Aug 13, 2019 | 442-031 (BSE-263P) | ||
Nozzles: Selection and Sizing | This fact sheet covers nozzle description, recommended use for common nozzle types, and orifice sizing for agricultural and turf sprayers. Proper selection of a nozzle type and size is essential for correct and accurate pesticide application. The nozzle is a major factor in determining the amount of spray applied to an area, uniformity of application, coverage obtained on the target surface, and amount of potential drift. |
Aug 13, 2019 | 442-032 (BSE-262P) | ||
Using Tractor Test Data for Selecting Farm Tractors | The test reports published by Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory (NTTL) can be extremely useful for selecting tractors or for comparing the performance of different makes and models of tractors. For example, when farmers are in the market for a tractor, the performance data in the NTTL reports can be used to select a tractor that will meet their needs. These reports can also serve as an effective tool for making tractor sales. Dealership personnel can use the performance data to compare their products to those of their competitors. |
May 26, 2020 | 442-072 (BSE-329P) | ||
Compost Bedded-pack Dairy Barns | Feb 15, 2024 | 442-124 (BSE-228P) | |||
Impact of Changing From Nitrogen- to Phosphorus-Based Manure Nutrient Management Plans | Aug 30, 2019 | 442-310 | |||
Respiratory Protection in Agriculture | Farm workers can encounter a variety of respiratory
problems ranging from temporary discomfort caused
by allergic reactions to fatal asphyxiation. However,
the risk of contracting serious lung diseases or death
can be significantly decreased by using respiratory protection
(fig. 1). See the sidebar for a list of farm work
that requires respiratory protection. |
Feb 28, 2020 | 442-601 (BSE-286P) | ||
Farmer's Lung: Causes and Symptoms of Mold and Dust Induced Respiratory Illness | Farmers account for more than 30 percent of adults dis- abled by respiratory illness. Yet, a large percentage of farmers are nonsmokers. If smoking is not to blame for these ailments, then what is? The answer is farmer’s lung. |
Feb 28, 2020 | 442-602 (BSE-287P) | ||
Virginia Household Water Quality Program: Iron and Manganese in Household Water | Feb 25, 2020 | 442-656 (BSE-285P) | |||
Filtration, Treatment, and Maintenance Considerations for Micro-Irrigation Systems | May 24, 2023 | 442-757 (BSE-222P) | |||
Biodiesel Fuel | Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be made from vegetable oil, animal fat, and recycled cooking
oils. Oils produced from algae, fungi, bacteria, molds, and yeast can also be used to produce biodiesel. |
Jan 7, 2021 | 442-880 (BSE-336P) | ||
The Peanut Southern Corn Rootworm Advisory | The southern corn rootworm (SCR) has long been considered
a major pest of peanuts in North Carolina and Virginia.
However, researchers and Extension faculty at Virginia
Tech and NC State have determined through more than 400
commercial field trials that the majority of peanut fields
do not need to be treated. They have developed and tested
a simple-to-use advisory that identifies those fields not at
risk for pod damage or economic loss. The Southern Corn
Rootworm Advisory can save you time and money as well as
help you use insecticides more efficiently. |
Nov 22, 2019 | 444-351(ENTO-340P) | ||
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes | The most effective form of plant disease control in the landscape is prevention. Disease prevention can be as simple as choosing the right plant for the right place at planting time. This fact sheet was developed as a guide to shrubs that generally experience few problems in Virginia landscapes. Using these species for new plantings should help you avoid troublesome disease and insect problems in your landscape. |
Jun 27, 2022 | 450-236 (PPWS-69P) | ||
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes | Many of the tree species commonly planted in Virginia landscapes suffer from disease problems. Although some diseases can be cured, most must be controlled on a preventative basis. The best option for new plantings is to choose species that have a low risk of developing disease.
Listed below, in alphabetical order, are some choices of problem-free trees for Virginia landscapes. |
Jun 29, 2022 | 450-237 (PPWS-70P) | ||
Sources of Lime for Acid Soils in Virginia | Acid soil limits crop yields on many Virginia farms. This soil acidity can be directly toxic to plants, but more often it reduces the plants' efficiency at nutrient utilization. |
Aug 9, 2019 | 452-510 (SPES-158P) | ||
Soil Test Note #2 - Field Crops | Most Virginia soils are acidic and require lime applications at three- to five-year intervals. Maintaining the correct soil pH has several benefits, such as encouraging healthy root development and making sure nutrients in the soil are available to the plant. For example, low pH can cause aluminum toxicity and can decrease phosphorus availability. |
Sep 9, 2019 | 452-702 (CSES-100P) | ||
Soil Test Note 5: Fertilizing With Manures | Aug 30, 2019 | 452-705 | |||
Soil Test Note 19: Vegetable and Flower Gardens (Supplement to Soil Test Report) | Oct 11, 2019 | 452-719 | |||
Forests of Virginia: Importance, Composition, Ecology, Threats, and Management | Mar 4, 2016 | 465-315 (ANR-163P) | |||
To Clear or Not To Clear -- That Is the Question | The economic and ecological considerations of clear cutting wooded acreage. |
Mar 2, 2022 | 465-340 (CNRE-139P) | ||
Intensive Marine Finfish Larviculture | Marine finfish production is a rapidly expanding field, both in research and industrial aquaculture. A driving force behind this growth is the inherently high value placed upon marine finfish products in the marketplace. |
Feb 7, 2020 | 600-050 (CNRE-84P) | ||
Rotifer Production (as a First Feed Item) for Intensive Finfish Larviculture | Aug 30, 2019 | 600-105 (CNRE-61P) | |||
Artemia Culture for Intensive Finfish and Crustacean Larviculture | Aug 21, 2019 | 600-106 (CNRE-60P) | |||
Becoming a Certified Organic Producer in Virginia | May 14, 2019 | AAEC-168P | |||
Produce Safety, Perceived Risk, and Consumer Choice | Jul 15, 2019 | AAEC-187P | |||
Production and Economic Considerations for Fresh Market Edamame in Southwest Virginia | Jul 15, 2019 | AAEC-188P | |||
Edamame: Costs, Revenues, and Profitability | Jul 15, 2019 | AAEC-189P | |||
Grain and Soybean Production and Storage in Virginia: A Summary and Spatial Examination | Grain and soybean production is a critical component
of Virginia agriculture — the state’s No. 1 industry
(VDACS 2013). Virginia’s farmers produced more
than half a billion bushels of grain and soybeans over
the span of 2006 to 2012 (USDA-NASS 2013b)1. The
objectives of this publication are to characterize the
market for grain production and storage in Virginia. |
Sep 26, 2019 | AAEC-60P | ||
An Evaluation of Program, Training, and Resource Needs of Virginia Beginning Farmers and Ranchers: Virginia Beginning Farmer and Rancher Coalition Program | With funding from the USDA Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program in fall 2010, the Virginia Beginning Farmer and Rancher Coalition Program aims to meet the expressed needs of Virginia’s beginning farmers and support the development of social networks through which they can gain vital skills, information, technical assistance, and business capacity for long-term agricultural viability (see www.vabeginningfarmer.org). |
Oct 4, 2019 | AEE-81P | ||
Understanding and Developing an Agribusiness | Dec 20, 2018 | ALCE-176P | |||
All-Age Management, Demonstration Woodlot | Many forest owners value their forest for wildlife habitat, recreation,
and aesthetics. Given accurate information, many want to manage their
woodlot using sound silviculture but clear-cutting as a regeneration
method may not be visually acceptable. While a profitable timber harvest
is of interest, a visually pleasing residual stand may be more important.
To meet this objective, Stand D1 of the SVAREC forests was selected to
demonstrate All-Age Management using group selection silviculture and
individual thinning of select trees to create four age classes. |
Sep 12, 2019 | ANR-132NP (CNRE-70NP) | ||
Thinning Hardwoods, Demonstration Woodlot | Most forest owners value their forest for wildlife habitat, recreation and aesthetics. Given accurate
information, they may manage their woodlot to achieve these and other goals using sound silviculture. Thinning over-stocked woodlots is one silvicultural management tool. Thinning can modify spacing and diversity of species to meet desired goals which may include timber, wildlife, aesthetics and more. Thinning also improves woodlot vigor by removing over-mature, suppressed, defective or weakened trees. To meet theses objective, Stand D2 was selected for a thinning research & demonstration site. |
Sep 12, 2019 | ANR-133NP (CNRE-69NP) | ||
Commercial Chinese Chestnut Production in Virginia | Feb 1, 2023 | ANR-279P | |||
One-Year Health, Mortality, and Growth in Southeast Virginia of Shortleaf Pine From Three Sources | Restoration of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in Virginia has become a priority of various state and federal agencies. For shortleaf pine restoration to be successful in Virginia, private lands must be considered because 89 percent of forestland in Virginia is privately owned, and most private landowners are likely to use commercially available seedling sources.
Shortleaf seedlings from commercially available sources in Virginia, Arkansas, and Missouri were planted in two sites in Southeast Virginia to test growth and yield. After one year, height and ground-line diameter were measured and observations were made on health and mortality of the plants. The Virginia seed source was significantly taller than the Arkansas source. At the first site, mortality and disease were low, but at the second site, mortality and poor health were very high, possibly due to soils combined with weather conditions. No significant seed source effects on disease and mortality were found at either site. |
Oct 25, 2018 | ANR-28P (CNRE-28P) | ||
Lean at Hardwood Lumber Inc. | Jun 27, 2022 | ANR-226 | |||
Enhancing Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants: Part I. Biology of Reproduction | Nov 4, 2019 | APSC-157P | |||
Enhancing Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants Part II: Puberty and Estrous Cycles | Feb 14, 2020 | APSC-158P | |||
Enhancing Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants Part III. Breeding and Management Systems | Mar 11, 2021 | APSC-159P | |||
Enhancing Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants Part IV: Breed/Selection | Mar 10, 2021 | APSC-160P | |||
Enhancing Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants: Part V. Nutrition and Health | Dec 3, 2019 | APSC-164P | |||
Enhancing Reproductive Performance in Small Ruminants: Part VI. Reproductive Management Techniques | Dec 3, 2019 | APSC-165P | |||
Using Fecal Egg Counts On Your Farm | Sep 17, 2019 | APSC-166NP | |||
Castration in the U.S. Swine Industry: Animal Welfare Implications and Alternatives | Dec 11, 2020 | APSC-174P | |||
The Importance of Temperament and Acclimation to Handling on Beef Cattle Production | Jul 14, 2021 | APSC-175P | |||
Safe and Nutritious Seafood in Virginia | Consumers enjoy eating a variety of seafood and can
find many choices of fresh as well as frozen seafood
in the refrigerated and freezer cases of grocery stores.Abigail Villalba, Extension Specialist, Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center
Michael Jahncke, Professor, Food Science and Technology, and Director, Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and
Extension Center
Michael Schwarz, Extension Specialist, Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center
David Kuhn, Assistant Professor, Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech
Alisha Farris, Extension Specialist, Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech |
May 6, 2021 | AREC-156P | ||
Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center | Oct 1, 2022 | AREC-179NP (AREC-248NP) | |||
Reynolds Homestead Forestry Resources Research Center | Oct 23, 2019 | AREC-74NP (AREC-253NP) | |||
Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center | Oct 23, 2019 | AREC-77NP (AREC-251NP) | |||
Soil and Soil Water Relationships | This publication presents and discusses concepts
that are fundamental to understanding soil, water,
and plant relationships and the soil water balance.
Knowledge about soil water relationships can
inform the decision-making process in agricultural
operations or natural resource management, such as
determining what crops to plant, when to plant them,
and when various management practices should be
scheduled. Understanding these concepts is useful for
addressing both agronomic and policy issues related to
agricultural water management.Zachary M. Easton, Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech
Emily Bock, Graduate Research Assistant, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech |
Mar 1, 2021 | BSE-194P | ||
Factors When Considering an Agricultural Drainage System | Jun 7, 2022 | BSE-208P (BSE-343P) | |||
Managing Climate Risks and Extreme Weather in Agriculture | May 24, 2023 | BSE-226P | |||
Estimating Financial Costs and Benefits of Supplemental Irrigation with the Irrigation Financial Estimator Tool (IFET) | Nov 30, 2018 | BSE-237P | |||
Irrigation Scheduling in Humid Climates Using the Checkbook Method | Jan 30, 2019 | BSE-239P | |||
Soil Moisture Sensors for Agricultural Irrigation: An Overview on Sensor Types | Jul 21, 2021 | BSE-338P | |||
Utility Type Vehicles: UTV Maintenance and Safe Use Lawn Care Training Guide | Utility type vehicles (UTVs) are popular equipment
used in a variety of settings, including the lawn care
industry. Their hauling capacity and versatility have
increased their popularity, and they are widely used in
rural, suburban, and urban settings for a variety of lawn
care, agricultural, construction, and industrial applications.
Considering that UTVs are widely used in the
green industry, it is extremely important that young
workers in the industry become familiar with the safe
operation of UTVs. The purpose of this training guide
is to familiarize young workers with the safe use of
UTVs. |
Jan 29, 2024 | BSE-49P (BSE-264P) | ||
Denitrification Management | Feb 28, 2023 | BSE-54P (BSE-347P) | |||
The Socrates Project - Poisonous Plants in Virginia | Jun 29, 2018 | CNRE-13NP (CNRE-21NP) | |||
Analysis of Financial Statements Using Ratios | May 10, 2019 | CNRE-43P | |||
Virginia Master Naturalist Basic Training Course: Ichthyology | Oct 8, 2019 | CNRE-73P | |||
Measuring Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Soil | The purpose of this document is to provide guidance
on measuring water movement through in situ
saturated soil (saturated hydraulic conductivity, or
Ksat) as it relates to dispersal and treatment of on-site
sewage (wastewater) through an on-site wastewater
dispersal area |
Mar 22, 2016 | CSES-141P (CSES-164P) | ||
Defining Silvopastures: Integrating Tree Production With Forage-Livestock Systems for Economic, Environmental, and Aesthetic Outcomes | May 6, 2021 | CSES-146P | |||
Creating Silvopastures: Some Considerations When Thinning Existing Timber Stands | Silvopastures intentionally integrate trees with forage
and livestock production in a rotational grazing
system. These systems have the potential to improve
animal comfort, increase farm resource use efficiency,
boost income, and mitigate environmental costs. |
Apr 20, 2021 | CSES-155P | ||
Understanding the Texture of Your Soil for Agricultural Productivity | Jul 20, 2016 | CSES-162P | |||
Soil Judging in Virginia | Dec 5, 2022 | CSES-183 | |||
Creating Silvopastures: Some Considerations When Planting Trees in Pastures | May 1, 2023 | CSES-185P | |||
Predicting Soybean Reproductive Stages in Virginia | Oct 7, 2017 | CSES-197P | |||
Internationalizing the Land Grant Mission: Lessons from Senegal | Aug 4, 2023 | CSES-207P | |||
Manure Injection in No-Till and Pasture Systems | May 1, 2023 | CSES-22P (SPES-5P) | |||
Importance of Farm Phosphorus Mass Balance and Management Options | Phosphorus is a naturally occurring element that is one
of 16 elements essential for plant growth and animal
health. Research has documented that applying phosphorus
in fertilizers or manure increases crop growth and
yield on soils that are below critical agronomic levels,
as measured during routine soil testing. Although the
economic benefits of phosphorus fertilization on crop
production are well-documented, too much of a good
thing can be detrimental to the environment. Excessive
soil phosphorus is a potential threat to water quality. |
Feb 21, 2020 | CSES-98P(SPES-178P) | ||
A Decision-Making Tool to Determine the Feasibility of Purchasing Virginia Milk Commission Base | Dairy farmers are usually subject to net income fluctuations
due to volatility in both milk and feed prices.
Risk management tools, such as hedging milk prices in
the futures market, may be used to protect dairy farmers
against milk price volatility. Alternatively, dairy
farmers selling milk in Virginia can buy Virginia milk
commission base (MCB) to obtain higher milk prices
and, therefore, sustain or increase net cash flows. |
Feb 14, 2023 | DASC-30P (DASC-111P) | ||
Income Over Feed Costs in the Dairy Enterprise | Typically, feed costs are directly related to milk
production, so the more you feed, the more you
produce. However, milk production is not necessarily
related to profitability. Production-oriented
management, which focuses on maximizing outputs
(i.e., milk yield) through increased utilization of inputs
(i.e., feed), does not necessarily ensure the dairy
business will be profitable.
|
Sep 1, 2020 | DASC-51P | ||
Aseptic Technique for Milk Sampling and Teat Infusions | Apr 8, 2016 | DASC-61P | |||
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus hyicus: A Practical Summary for Controlling Mastitis | Apr 11, 2016 | DASC-63P | |||
Pasteurella spp.: A Practical Summary for Controlling Mastitis | Apr 12, 2016 | DASC-67P | |||
Comparative Nutritional Quality of Winter Crops for Silage | Feb 7, 2022 | DASC-93P | |||
Economic Pests of Turfgrass | Dec 16, 2022 | ENTO-237NP | |||
Varroa Mite Biology and Feeding Damage | Sep 19, 2019 | ENTO-331NP | |||
Varroa Mite Sampling Methods | Sep 12, 2019 | ENTO-332NP | |||
Varroa Mite Management Methods | Sep 12, 2019 | ENTO-333NP | |||
Sugarcane Aphid in Virginia Sorghum | Sep 12, 2019 | ENTO-334NP | |||
Small Hive Beetle | Oct 22, 2019 | ENTO-338NP | |||
Learning in Families Together: School-Age Children and Bullying | Apr 6, 2021 | FCS-56P | |||
Aprendiendo juntos en familia: Los niños en edad escolar y el acoso escolar (Learning in Families Together: School-Age Children and Bullying) | El acoso escolar o intimidación ocurre cuando un niño es el
blanco de acciones hirientes una y otra vez por alguien más. |
Apr 6, 2021 | FCS-56S (FCS-77S) | ||
IMPORTANT FACTS About the Safety of Unpasteurized (Raw) Milk | The majority of the milk and dairy products sold in the United States are pasteurized, which
means they go through a heat process that kills harmful bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, E. coli,
Campylobacter, etc.) that can be found in unpasteurized (raw) milk. Pasteurization not only
improves the safety of the milk but also lengthens its shelf life. |
Oct 1, 2019 | FST-139P (FST-331P) | ||
IMPORTANT FACTS About the Safety of Unpasteurized (Raw) Milk | The majority of the milk and dairy products sold in the United States are pasteurized, which
means they go through a heat process that kills harmful bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, E. coli,
Campylobacter, etc.) that can be found in unpasteurized (raw) milk. Pasteurization not only
improves the safety of the milk but also lengthens its shelf life. |
Oct 1, 2019 | FST-139P (FST-331P) | ||
Safe Handling and Storing of Raw Fruits and Vegetables | Fruits and vegetables are essential for a healthy diet. Nutritious produce can be purchased at your local grocery store or farmers market, or even grown in your backyard. While produce is usually safe, it can become contaminated throughout the farm-to-fork continuum with harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, that can cause illness (pathogens). A foodborne illness, often referred to as “food poisoning,” can occur through consumption of contaminated foods. |
Aug 20, 2021 | FST-234P | ||
Ozone Application in Aquaculture | Apr 5, 2017 | FST-244P | |||
Waterless Shipment of Warm-Water Shrimp | Aug 29, 2022 | FST-245P | |||
Fish Slaughter | Jul 25, 2017 | FST-276 | |||
A Guide to the Aquaponics Food Safety Plan Development: Green Aquaponics LLC as a Model | Feb 21, 2019 | FST-302P | |||
What do I need to know to sell MAPLE SYRUP at the farmers market? | Jul 22, 2019 | FST-311NP | |||
What do I need to know about LABELING my foods for sale? | Feb 27, 2019 | FST-312P | |||
How is Cold Plasma Used to Process Food? | Cold plasma is a new food processing technology that can effectively reduce pathogens on a variety of food products. After conducting a nationwide survey with consumers, it was found that the term 'Cold Plasma' was perceived negatively by the consumer. |
Apr 24, 2019 | FST-314P | ||
How Is Pasteurization Used to Process Food? | Jul 22, 2019 | FST-315P | |||
Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule: Soil Amendments | Jul 17, 2019 | FST-316P | |||
Packinghouse Best Practices To Support the FSMA Produce Safety Rule | Jul 19, 2019 | FST-317P | |||
What do I need to know to sell ACIDIFIED FOODS at the farmers market? | Sep 24, 2019 | FST-321NP | |||
What do I need to know to sell PET FOODS or PET TREATS at the farmers market? | Jul 1, 2020 | FST-322NP (FST-366P) | |||
How is Microwave Technology Used to Process Foods? | Nov 4, 2019 | FST-324P | |||
How is Chlorine Dioxide Gas Used to Process Foods? | Nov 15, 2019 | FST-325NP | |||
Why are Foods Processed? | Jan 22, 2020 | FST-326P | |||
Microbial Quality of Water Used in Potato Packinghouse Operations | Oct 15, 2019 | FST-348P | |||
Demystifying Agricultural Production Water Testing under the FSMA Produce Safety Rule | Sep 10, 2019 | FST-350NP | |||
Reduced Oxygen Packaging and Food Safety Concerns in Seafood | Jan 21, 2020 | FST-351NP (FST-358NP) | |||
Fasting During Ramadan: Nutrition and Health Impacts and Food Safety Recommendations | Mar 18, 2022 | HNFE-351P | |||
Are Low-Fat or Fat-Free Products Problem-Free? | Nov 17, 2016 | HNFE-370P | |||
Anti-diabetic Potentials of White Mulberry | Aug 30, 2018 | HNFE-518P | |||
UNDERSTANDING CANCER: What we know about cervical cancer | Sep 18, 2018 | HNFE-521P | |||
Fooling Mother Nature: Forcing Flower Bulbs for Indoor Bloom | Have you ever wondered if it is possible to enjoy the beauty
of bulbs in the middle of winter? The answer is definitely
yes! Many people are familiar with the hourglass-shaped
vase filled with water and topped with a hyacinth bulb,
or a low bowl filled with several Paper White narcissus,
and the popular boxed amaryllis bulb as a welcome winter
holiday gift. Most bulbs can be forced but additional
planning is required in order to have a successful period
of blooms. |
Oct 2, 2019 | HORT-76NP | ||
Fooling Mother Nature: Forcing Flower Bulbs for Indoor Bloom | Have you ever wondered if it is possible to enjoy the beauty
of bulbs in the middle of winter? The answer is definitely
yes! Many people are familiar with the hourglass-shaped
vase filled with water and topped with a hyacinth bulb,
or a low bowl filled with several Paper White narcissus,
and the popular boxed amaryllis bulb as a welcome winter
holiday gift. Most bulbs can be forced but additional
planning is required in order to have a successful period
of blooms. |
Oct 2, 2019 | HORT-76NP | ||
Selecting Plants for Virginia Landscapes: Showy Flowering Shrubs | This publication features small, medium, and large
flowering shrubs (five of each category) with photos.
All photos are by the author. There are at least eight
shrubs from each category noted in a table (without
photos) at the end of this publication. All shrubs —
featured or in the table — are landscape worthy and
are especially suited to landscapes in Virginia and the
Mid-Atlantic States. |
Jul 30, 2020 | HORT-84P | ||
Leaching Fraction: A Tool to Schedule Irrigation for Container-Grown Nursery Crops | Jun 11, 2019 | SPES-128P | |||
Crop Load Management in Commercial Apple Orchards: Chemical Fruit Thinning | May 31, 2019 | SPES-134P | |||
A Survey of Strawberry Production Practices in Virginia | Aug 12, 2019 | SPES-150P | |||
Mortality of Great Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in Virginia | Since 2015, Extension specialists from Virginia Tech (VT) have visited and collected plant and soil samples from several large areas of dying great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in Virginia’s mountainous regions. In 2016 VT specialists met with Virginia Department of Forestry, US Forest Service personnel, and other experts to revisit some of these sites. No consistent cause of this mortality has yet been identified. It is possible that a variety of factors are stressing the rhododendrons in these areas to a point where opportunistic pathogens or insects can successfully attack and kill them. The following information summarizes our observations and diagnostic results from four separate great rhododendron mortality sites in Virginia. This information is not equivalent to a research study, which would also include samples taken from healthy great rhododendron for comparison; however, we are confident that we have ruled out two diseases that are frequently mentioned both online and anecdotally as a cause of this mortality, specifically Phytophthora root rot and Botryosphaeria dieback. |
Aug 21, 2019 | SPES-151P | ||
Strategies for Managing Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue – A Whole-Farm Approach | Nov 26, 2019 | SPES-163P | |||
Sampling Tall Fescue for Endophyte Infection and Ergot Alkaloid Concentration | Endophyte-infected tall fescue is the dominant forages in Virginia. As such, it is imperative to manage this important forage resource wisely. Ergot alkaloids produced by fescue’s fungal endophyte create challenges to accomplishing this. Tests for endophyte presence and alkaloid levels are important management tools that producers can use to minimize alkaloid consumption and the negative impacts of on animal performance. Consistent testing methods are important for adequately assessing alkaloid levels and for making comparisons among pastures over time. These results then can be used to develop a custom grazing strategy to avoid severe incidences of fescue toxicosis. Repeated testing during a grazing season can help determine possible benefits to pasture renovation or addition of legumes. Similar to testing forages for nutrient concentrations and devising a winter feeding and supplement plan, testing fescue-based pastures for endophyte infection level and for ergot alkaloid concentrations at various times during the year can facilitate management to reduce alkaloid consumption and also help determine if further mitigation is needed. |
Aug 1, 2024 | SPES-21P | ||
Strawberry Variety Evaluation, Opportunities, and Challenges of High Tunnel Production | Feb 9, 2021 | SPES-273P | |||
Does Land Application of Biosolids Pose Health Concerns for Grazing Livestock? | Aug 3, 2021 | SPES-318P | |||
A Spreadsheet-Based Soil Test Converter for Turfgrass Professionals and Nutrient Management Planning in Virginia | Dec 5, 2023 | SPES-60 | |||
Irrigation Considerations for Commercial Hop Producers | Mar 7, 2019 | SPES-95P | |||
A Spreadsheet-Based Calculator for Lawn Fertilizer and Lime Applications in Virginia | Dec 5, 2023 | SPES-40P | |||
No-Till Seeding of Forage Grasses and Legumes | May 6, 2019 | SPES-92P |